Applications And Use Of Complex Numbers

Applications And Use Of Complex Numbers A complex number is that number which comprises a real and an imaginary part. It is mainly written in the form a + bi, where a is real numbers, and i is the imaginary unit with b as also the real part of the imaginary portion with the property i2 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. The complex number contains the real number, but extends them by adding it to the extra number and corresponding expands the understanding of addition and multiplication. Complex numbers was first explained by Gerolamo Cardano (Italian mathematician), he called it as fictitious, when he was attempting to find the solution for the cubic equations. The solution for the cubic equation in radical function without any trigonometric form involve in it, it may need some calculations which contains the square roots of some of the digit containing negative numbers, even when the final solution was found it was of real numbers, this situation is known as casus irreducibilis. This reach ultimately to the proposition of algebra, which shows hows that with complex numbers is a explanation to occurs with every polynomial equation of the first degree or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically bolted arena, where any polynomial equation partakes the root. The directions for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers were established by Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was promoted by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton, who prolonged this idea to the concept of quaternions. Complex numbers are used in a number of fields, including: engineering. When the underlying arena of numbers for a mathematical construct is the field of complex numbers, the name usually redirects that fact. Some of the examples are complex exploration, complex matrix, complex polynomial, and complex Lie algebra. Let R be the set of all real numbers. Then a complex number is of the form a + ib, Where a and b implies in R and, i2 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡-1. We signify the set of all complex numbers by C. a is the real part and b the imaginary part, written as a = Re z, b = Im z. i is called the imaginary unit of the complex number. If a = 0, then z = i b is a pure imaginary number. Two complex numbers are equivalent if and only if their real parts are identical and their imaginary parts are also identical. Normal Form of the Complex Number Complex Numbers contain a set of all numbers in the form a + bi where, a is the Real Part and bi is the Imaginary Part. It chances out the all numbers which may be inscribed in this form. For the numbers that are in regular Real form, there is no I part so b=0. For eg., we may write 8 as 8 + 0i. Particular numbers, like 4 + 2i, which have both a real and imaginary part, with a =4 and b = 2. And, like 9i have no Real part and may be written as 0 + 9i. We occasionally call these numbers like 9i, which have no Real part, as decently imaginary. APPLICATION AND USES OF COMPLEX NUMBER: Engineers use complex numbers in studying stresses and strains on rays and in studying resonance occurrences in structures as different as tall buildings and suspension bridges. The complex numbers come up when we see for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix. The eigenvalues are the roots of the assured polynomial equation related with a matrix. The matrices can be quite large, possibly 100000 by 100000, and the related polynomials which is of very high degree. Complex numbers are used in studying the stream of liquids around hindrances, such as the flow around a pipe. Mathematicians practice complex numbers in so many means, but one way is in learning infinite series, like ez = 1+z+z2/2!+z3/3!+z4/4!+, Where z = x+i*y is a complex equation. This is a natural environment to learn the series than on the real stripe. We are interested in a statement that comes from the above series: it is that e(i*pi) = -1. This brief equation tells four of the most important coefficients in mathematics, e, i, pi, and 1. Our calculator can be capable to switch complex numbers. We may be able to form that e(i*t) = cos(t)+i*sin(t), From which the previous end result follows. Just let t = pi. We use complex number in following uses:- IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING The furthermost eg where we use complex numbers as it is occasionally named as from electrical engineering, where imaginary numbers are used to keep track of the amplitude and phase of an electrical oscillation, such as an audio signal, or the electrical voltage and current that power electrical appliances. Complex numbers are used a great deal in electronics. The foremost aim for this is they make the whole topic of analyzing and understanding alternating signals much easier. This seems odd at first, as the concept of using a mix of real and imaginary numbers to explain things in the real world seem crazy! Once you get used to them, however, they do make a lot of things clearer. The problem is to understand what they mean and how to use them in the first place. To help you get a clear picture of how theyre used and what they mean we can look at a mechanical example The above animation shows a rotating wheel. On the wheel there is a blue blob which goes round and round. When viewed flat on we can see that the blob is moving around in a circle at a steady rate. However, if we look at the wheel from the side we get a very different picture. From the side the blob seems to be oscillating up and down. If we plot a graph of the blobs position (viewed from the side) against time we find that it traces out a sine wave shape which oscillates through one cycle each time the wheel completes a rotation. Here, the sine-wave behavior we see when looking from the side hides the underlying behavior which is a continuous rotation. We can now reverse the above argument when considering a.c. (sine wave) oscillations in electronic circuits. Here we can regard the oscillating voltages and currents as side views of something which is actually rotating at a steady rate. We can only see the real part of this, of course, so we have to imagine the changes in the other direction. This leads us to the idea that what the oscillation voltage or current that we see is just the real portion of a complex quantity that also has an imaginary part. At any instant what we see is determined by a phase angle which varies smoothly with time The smooth rotation hidden by our sideways view means that this phase angle varies at a steady rate which we can represent in terms of the signal frequency, f. The complete complex version of the signal has two parts which we can add together provided we remember to label the imaginary part with an i or j to remind us that it is imaginary. Note that, as so often in science and engineering, there are various ways to represent the quantities were talking about here. For example: Engineers use a j to indicate the square root of minus one since they tend to use i as a current. Mathematicians use i for this since they dont know a current from a hole in the ground! Similarly, youll sometimes see the signal written as an exponential of an imaginary number, sometimes as a sum of a cosine and a sine. Sometimes the sign on the imaginary part may be negative. These are all slightly different conventions for representing the same things. (A bit like the way conventional current and the actual el ectron flow go in opposite directions) The choice doesnt matter so long as youre consistent during a specific argument. We can now consider oscillating currents and voltages as being complex values that have a real part we can measure and an imaginary part which we cant. At first it seems pointless to create something we cant see or measure, but it turns out to be useful in a number of ways. SIGNAL ANALYSIS: Complex numbers are used in signal analysis and other fields for a convenient description for periodically varying signals. For given real functions representing actual physical quantities, often in terms of sines and cosines, corresponding complex functions are considered of which the real parts are the original quantities. For a sine wave of a given frequency, the absolute value |z| of the corresponding z is the amplitude and the argument arg (z) the phase. IMAGINARY NUMBER IN REAL LIFE: Since complex numbers are often called imaginary numbers, they often become suspect, seen as mathematicians playthings. This is far from the truth, although not easy to prove. If you were to spend some time in a university library looking through physics, engineering, and chemistry journals or through books in these disciplies, you would find many applications of complex numbers. But this is difficult, since the uses are often buried under a lot of terminology. Complex numbers enter into studies of physical phenomena in unexpected ways. There is, for example, a differential equation with coefficients like a, b, and c in the quadratic formula, which models how electrical circuits or forced spring/damper systems behave. A car equipped with shock absorbers and going over a bump is an example of the latter. The behavior of the differential equations depends upon whether the roots of a certain quadratic are complex or real. If they are complex, then certain behaviors can be expected. These are often just the solutions that one wants. In modeling the flow of a fluid around various obstacles, like around a pipe, complex analysis is very valuable to transforming the problem to a much simpler problem. When economic systems or large structures of beams put together with rivets are analyzed for strength, some very large matrices are used in the modeling. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrices are important in the analysis of such systems. The character of the eigenvalues, whether real or complex, determines the behavior of the system. For example, will the structure resonate under certain loads. In everyday use, industrial and university computers spend a significant portion of their time solving polynomial equations. The roots of such equations are of interest, whether they are real or complex.

Mid-Term Break Seamus Heaney

Seamus Heaney ‘Mid-Term Break’ The main theme of ‘Mid-Term Break’ is the tragedy of the death of a young child, whose life ‘break[s]’ when he is only four years old; this tragedy also ‘break[s]’ the lives of others, specifically the child’s parents and brother. The tone of the poem is very sombre, as it explores the manifold ways in which lives are broken and shattered by death. In literal terms, the title refers to the ‘Mid-term Break’ of a school vacation; in this sense it is highly ironic, as the holiday the poem’s narrator gets from school after ‘six weeks’ of classes is not for a vacation, but for a funeral.However, as indicated in reference to the theme, ‘break’ has other meanings relating to the broken life of the dead child and to the broken life of those close to him. Additionally, ‘Mid-Term’ can be read not just as referring to a school holiday, but to a ter m of life; thus the child’s life has been broken prematurely, in ‘mid-term. ’ So while on a literal level the title refers to a school vacation, on a metaphoric level it refers to a life which has been broken before its natural span.Though the poem is set out in even three-lined verses, except for the anomalous last line, it is actually structured around three geographic locales, locales which are also distinguished from each other in temporal terms: the ‘college,’ location of the first verse, in which the narrator remains ‘all morning’ until ‘two o’clock,’ the narrator’s house, mainly the front porch and front room, where the narrator remains until ‘ten o’clock’ at night when the body is brought home and, finally, the upstairs room where the corpse is laid out, which the narrator visits the ‘Next morning. The movement is one from the exterior world of school and non-familial acquainta nces, to the interior world of the house, friends and family, and finally to the upstairs room where the narrator stands alone with the body of his brother. This movement can reflect the way in which death isolates us and sets us apart: as the narrator is increasingly isolated, finally left alone with the corpse, so death separates us from normal human interactions and leaves us alone to confront our mortality. This sense of increasing alienation from the world of normative human existence is marked throughout the poem.The first people the narrator refers to, in the first verse of the poem, are the ‘neighbours’ who drove him home; however, once at home, he is disconcerted to find his ‘father crying,’ an action which the narrator regards as disturbingly abnormal for a man who ‘had always taken funerals in his stride. ’ The baby’s actions in ‘coo[ing] and laugh[ing] and rock[ing] the pram’ also disturb the narrator, as he clea rly finds them incongruous; he is further ‘embarrassed/By old men standing up to shake [his] hand//And tell [him] they were ‘sorry for [his] trouble. ’ Alienation is increased as the narrator now uses personification to create a sense of disembodiment: ‘Whispers informed strangers I was the eldest;’ he is further distressed by his mother’s reaction, as she ‘coughed out angry tearless sighs. ’ Here, the unusual collocation of ‘coughed’ and ‘sighs’ works to create a sense of disturbance and discord: it is almost as if the mother’s actions make no logical sense.Finally, the narrator feels alienated even from his young brother: it is not his brother who is brought home at night but a ‘corpse, stanched and bandaged by the nurses. ’ Thus the narrator feels increasingly set apart from the world around him, even distanced from the body of his brother, profoundly alienated and intensely self-con scious of his own alienation. This self-consciousness, finally, is emphasised by the extensive use of the subject pronoun ‘I,’ the object pronoun ‘me’ and the possessive determiner ‘my’ in the first six verses of the poem.The narrator declares ‘I sat all morning;’ ‘our neighbours drove me;’ ‘I met my father;’ ‘I came in, and I was embarrassed;’ ‘to shake my hand;’ ‘tell me they were ‘sorry for my trouble;’’ ‘I was the eldest;’ ‘my mother held my hand;’ ‘I went up into the room’ This extensive self-reference is only abandoned in the last few lines of the poem, when the narrator finally looks at the body of his brother, ‘him,’ as ‘Wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple,/He lay in the four foot box as in his cot†¦. the bumper knocked him clear. ’ From a state of almost morbid self-aware ness, therefore, the narrator is brought into a contemplation of his brother’s body, a contemplation that leads him to reflect not just upon the subjective embarrassment he feels, but upon the objective tragedy of his brother’s death.

The Nuiances of College Opinion Essay Topics

The Nuiances of College Opinion Essay Topics The 5-Minute Rule for College Opinion Essay Topics Many applicants don't make the most of the essaythey choose the incorrect question, write about an inappropriate subject, or merely fail to collect a compelling essay. Naturally, you can create your own topic to write about. The 50 titles we've listed are only the tip of the iceberg all you need to do is be creative and think beyond the box. Each argument has to be within 1-3 sentences. Your reader needs to be convinced your argument is valid. An excellent conclusion can summarize the key points of the essay in a couple of sentences. Each opinion has to be backed by three or more facts or parts of evidence to support it. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. If as you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. Whether you've conducted research to compose a post or maybe to study about rural development, it's crucial that you compile an appropriate research report that you can then submit to the higher formats. A Secret Weapon for College Opinion Essay Topics Now, the time you compose an essay might be the thing that gives it a distinctive nature. Or perhaps you strive to write like a particular author one day. Now, you've got loads of topics to pick from and lay down your thoughts on paper. In the event you decide you must chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a superior means to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. 1 important thing that you ought to do when writing your essay is to allow it to be personal. Therefore, should you need assistance with assignment writing, look no more. An excellent way to begin a college essay writing is to write about something or somebody you admire. If at all possible, the writing ought to be in a position to bring the reader into believing on the specific theme used despite their beliefs. Whatever college essay topic you select or are assigned, the trick is to compose a decent stand-out essay. You must find decent essay topics, and the great essay topics you should find has to be unique ones. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is important for your general success. A lot of essays are doctored or written by other men and women, she explained. There are five forms of argumentative essays. If you haven't been provided a prompt to write about, you must produce your own interesting creative essays. Since you may see, there's a multitude of different argumentative paper titles you may utilize. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. There are three sorts of argumentative essays. You are able to write a very simple essay on the acceptable age to vote or suitable age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. College Opinion Essay Topics Explained The net has made our life a good deal simpler. Be part of our happy clients who have found the very best essay service online and are enjoying the advantages of it. Before then, you should be aware that the very first place at which you will receive the ideal assistance from our site. One particular important and appropriate subject is technology. The Definitive Strategy for College Opinion Essay Topics The idea is to select something which interests you while having the ability to present useful info. Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, an d whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! Therefore, once you are developing a topic to write on, you have to take decent time and critically think out. Always start with something that you are conversant with when selecting a very good topic. Curriculum proposal topics is a means to try. The essay is easily among the most troublesome sections of the college application practice. An application essay is among the main components in the university application procedure. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to folks who are really interested in how you are going to take care of the subsequent four years all on your own. Being in college might be a tiny struggle for some. Think of the experience that you would like to write about. Explain your commitments, and you'll be the sort of student colleges find immensely attractive. The ways students ought to be taught about their well-being.

All About Fracking or Hydrofracking

Fracking, or hydrofracking, which is short for hydraulic fracturing, is a common but controversial practice among companies that drill underground for oil and natural gas. In fracking, drillers inject millions of gallons of water, sand, salts and chemicals—all too often toxic chemicals and human carcinogens such as benzene—into shale deposits or other sub-surface rock formations at extremely high pressure, to fracture the rock and extract the raw fuel. The purpose of fracking is to create fissures in underground rock formations, thereby increasing the flow of oil or natural gas and making it easier for workers to extract those fossil fuels. How Common Is Fracking? The fracking process is used to boost production at 90 percent of all oil and gas wells in the United States, according to the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission, and fracking is increasingly common in other countries as well. Although fracking most often occurs when a well is new, companies fracture many wells repeatedly in an effort to extract as much valuable oil or natural gas as possible and to maximize the return on their investment in a profitable site. The Dangers of Fracking Fracking poses serious dangers to both human health and the environment. The three biggest problems with fracking are: Fracking leaves behind a toxic sludge (called drill cuttings)  that companies and communities must find some way to manage. Safely disposing of the sludge created by fracking is an ongoing challenge.Somewhere between 20 percent and 40 percent of the toxic chemicals used in the fracking process remain stranded underground where they can, and often do, contaminate drinking water, soil and other parts of the environment that support plant, animal and human life.Methane from fracture wells can leak into groundwater, creating a serious risk of explosion and contaminating drinking water supplies so severely that some homeowners have been able to set fire to the mixture of water and gas coming out of their faucets. Methane also can cause asphyxiation. There isnt much research on the health effects of drinking water contaminated by methane, however, and the EPA doesnt regulate methane as a contaminant in public water systems. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a least nine different chemicals commonly used in fracking are injected into oil and gas wells at concentrations that pose a threat to human health. Fracking also poses other hazards, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council, which warns that besides contaminating drinking water with toxic and carcinogenic chemicals, fracking could trigger earthquakes, poison livestock, and overburden wastewater systems. Why Concerns About Fracking are Increasing Americans get half their drinking water from underground sources. Accelerated gas drilling and hydrofracking in recent years has fueled public concern about well-water contamination by methane, fracking fluids and produced water, the wastewater extracted from wells after the shale has been fractured. So its no wonder people are increasingly concerned about the risks of fracking, which is becoming more widespread as gas exploration and drilling expands. Gas extracted from shale currently accounts [in 2011] for about 15 percent of natural gas produced in the United States. The Energy Information Administration estimates it will make up almost half of the nation’s natural-gas production by 2035. In 2005, President George W. Bush exempted oil and gas companies from federal regulations designed to protect U.S. drinking water, and most state oil and gas regulatory agencies don’t require companies to report the volumes or names of the chemicals they use in the fracking process, chemicals such as benzene, chloride, toluene and sulfates. The result, according to the nonprofit Oil and Gas Accountability Project, is that one of the nations dirtiest industries is also one of its least regulated, and enjoys an exclusive right to inject toxic fluids directly into good quality groundwater without oversight. Congressional Study Confirms Fracking Uses Hazardous Chemicals In 2011, congressional Democrats released the results of an investigation showing that oil and gas companies injected hundreds of millions of gallons of hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals into wells in more than 13 states from 2005 to 2009. The investigation was initiated by the House Energy and Commerce Committee in 2010, when the Democrats controlled the U.S. House of Representatives. The report also faulted companies for secrecy and for sometimes â€Å"injecting fluids containing chemicals that they themselves cannot identify.† The investigation also found that 14 of the most active hydraulic fracturing companies in the United States used 866 million gallons of hydraulic fracturing products, not including the water that makes up the bulk of all fracking fluid. More than 650 of the products contained chemicals that are known or possible human carcinogens, which are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act or listed as hazardous air pollutants, according to the report. Scientists Find Methane in Drinking Water A peer-reviewed study conducted by scientists at Duke University and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in May 2011 linked natural gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing to a pattern of drinking-water contamination so severe that faucets in some areas can be lit on fire. After testing 68 private groundwater wells across five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania and southern New York, the Duke University researchers found that the amount of flammable methane gas in wells used for drinking water increased to dangerous levels when those water sources were close to natural-gas wells. They also found that the type of gas detected at high levels in the water was the same type of gas that energy companies were extracting from shale and rock deposits thousands of feet underground. The strong implication is that natural gas may be seeping through either natural or man-made faults or fractures, or leaking from cracks in the gas wells themselves. â€Å"We found measurable amounts of methane in 85 percent of the samples, but levels were 17 times higher on average in wells located within a kilometer of active hydrofracking sites,† said Stephen Osborn, postdoctoral research associate at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment. Water wells farther from the gas wells contained lower levels of methane and had a different isotopic fingerprint. The Duke study found no evidence of contamination from chemicals in the fracking fluids that are injected into gas wells to help break up shale deposits, or from produced water.

The Russian Revolution s Influence On Joseph Stalin

Serene Singh Psarakis SL History G1 21 November 2014 The Russian Revolution’s Influence on Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin greatly influenced Russia in the years 1924 through 1932. His rise to this power can be explained by the Russian Revolutionary experience that allowed him to gain authority in Russia. Although historians often refer to Stalin as a ruthless, mindless dictator, he redirected the Russian Revolution to major economic development. Stalin’s character in Russia during the Revolution catalyzed the many events that took place during the time period. Because of Stalin’s ability to both appeal to the masses, and take advantage of events, like Lenin’s death, Stalin was able to rise to power. Essentially, the Russian Revolution fostered the development of Stalin’s dictatorship leading the country into a state of economic growth and influence. The Revolution fostered Stalin’s ability to maintain a central leadership, use violence to gain control, and regenerate a previously disconnected econ omy. During the early 1900’s, the tsar government became progressively weaker and increasingly aware of its vulnerability in Europe. An average industrial employee worked twelve hours daily in Russia. Alongside this, factory conditions were extremely harsh and the workers felt like little concern was given to their safety and health. Even though attempts to lessen the harsh conditions were made by the workers, little was accomplished. Russian workers wanted to cutback on the hoursShow MoreRelatedThe Russian Revolution s Influence On Joseph Stalin1436 Words   |  6 PagesSerene Singh Psarakis SL History G1 5 November 2014 The Russian Revolution’s Influence on Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin greatly influenced Russia and the international community in the years 1924 through 1932. 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This avant-garde movement was among the boldest and most advanced in Europe. It signified for many artists an end to the past academic conventions as they began to experiment with the notions of space, following the basicRead MoreStalin s Power Of The Communist Party Essay3755 Words   |  16 PagesHow was Stalin able to assume control of the Communist Party by 1929? The assumption of power by Joseph Stalin was arguably one of the most significant periods of Bolshevik Russia’s history. Stalin is recognised as one of the most influential men to have ever lead Russia, and he did so through the largest war the world has ever faced, World War II, and through the beginning of one of the most tense periods of modern history, the Cold War. It is easy however, to get lost in the legacy Stalin left behind

Human Impact on the Environment †Problems caused by population growth Free Essays

In about 1830 the human population reached one billion, there are now somewhere around six billion people on the planet today and that figure is growing at a very high and very rapid rate. Past populations were controlled by disease, war and famine but now because of technology and modern medicine. The environment around us has been built to support these growing numbers but this development is having a huge effect on the world’s ecosystems. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Impact on the Environment – Problems caused by population growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human population’s clear other space and habitats of other species to make way for their own. This ignorance has killed many species to extinction and polluted the environment; this has endangered our survival and the survival of other species at risk. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System However, in natural ecosystems factors are limiting whereas human ecosystems are different as we have the technology to maximise resources and find new ones when existing ones run out. The planet obviously can only hold a certain number of people, most species never reach their maximum numbers but they have a peak, then the numbers start to decline. Activities that have changed the landscape Industrial and domestic waste has to be disposed of, and as the population is increasing the waste is becoming more and more difficult to get rid of. There are a lot of things that cause pollution in varying rates on a big scale oil spill to a normal deodorant can which uses cfc’s. Here is a table that shows the pollutant and its effects on humans and the environment. Pollutant Effects on humans and the environment. Air Smoke Makes breathing difficult. Sulphur Dioxide Causes acid rain. Ozone Damages leaves. CFC’s Damages ozone layer. Carbon Dioxide Increases the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. Water Sewage Eutrophication. Fertilisers Eutrophication. Acid Rain Makes soils, lakes and rivers acidic. Oil Spills Kill fish. Toxic Chemicals e.g. mercury Kill fish and other aquatic life. Land Solid waste disposal at landfill sites Methane causes explosions and increases the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. Mining waste e.g. Lead Water run-off poisons plants and animals. Heavy metals kill most plants and animals. The Pollution of the Water There are a number of different ways and processes of water pollution the main ones are ‘waste disposal’, ‘organic pollution’ and ‘eutrophication’. Waste disposal is the domestic and industrial waste which is treated in sewage plants to remove impurities. The problem is that some of this waste is being disposed in many rivers and canals and polluting them heavily. This has destroyed many freshwater ecosystems like the ‘Great Lakes of North America’ and parts of the ‘Norfolk Broads’. Organic pollution is where domestic sewage is disposed in rivers and canals and the organic content in the sewage is a food source for bacteria and fungi. These organisms also take the dissolved oxygen in the water so that fish and other aquatic animals die out. Eutrophication is when the nitrate and phosphate levels are high this encourages the growth of algae. These algae can cause a lot of damage to the water ecosystem. * Algae grow rapidly and give an ‘algal bloom’ over the surface of the water. * Many blue-green algae produce toxins which kill some plants and animals. * Small animals that feed on algae do not multiply fast enough to check the increase in the algae. * Algae block out the light for the rooted plants growing on beds of lakes and they die. This reduces the amount of oxygen. * The algal population crashed due to competition for resources. The algae are then decomposed by bacteria which use the oxygen in the water. * This lack of oxygen kills many invertebrates and fish. All this is the process of eutrophication. The pollution of the atmosphere Pollution is a term used to describe the presence of an unwanted substance. Although air contains lots of microscopic particles, like volcanic dust and tiny sand grains from deserts, this pollution is natural in origin. Man-made pollution of the atmosphere however, is now causing a lot of concern. Most of this air pollution comes from the burning of coal, oil and gas – the fossil fuels – in power stations, factories and homes, and petrol and diesel in cars and other road vehicles. We need energy and electricity to keep us warm and to cook our food, but unfortunately we do not make enough from other non-polluting sources. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the air. This may be changing the climate and causing global warming. Other pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are also given off. This can reduce the quality of air which we breathe, leading to health problems, and can cause acid rain. Global Warming Global air temperatures as measured by land-based weather stations show an increase of about 0.45 degrees Celsius over the past century. These may be mistakes in data or climatic variation. Satellite data indicate a slight cooling in the climate in the last 18 years. These satellites use advanced technology and are not subject to the â€Å"heat island† effect around major cities that alters ground-based thermometers. Projections of future climate changes are uncertain. Although some computer models predict warming in the next century, these models are very limited. The effects of cloud formations, precipitation, the role of the oceans, or the sun, are still not well known and often inadequately represented in the climate models although all play a major role in determining our climate. Scientists who work on these models are quick to point out that they are far from perfect representations of reality, and are probably not advanced enough for direct use in policy implementation. Interestingly, as the computer climate models have become more sophisticated in recent years, the predicted increase in temperature has been lowered. However, 98% of total global greenhouse gas emissions are natural (mostly water vapour) and only 2% are from man-made sources. Sustained Development Sustainable development is where a population can make developments and improvements to their area or their needs without causing harm to the environment. Sustainable development is all about a greener planet in both developed and developing countries by not polluting the environment and being more energy friendly. Sustainable development is * Social progress which recognises the needs of everyone * Effective protection of the environment * Prudent use of natural resources Sustained development can be achieved by using less fossil fuels and researching into environmentally friendly sources of energy like solar and geothermic sources. Be less wasteful so that we use fewer resources so that they are prolonged and regenerate, find more effective ways of disposing of waste and producing less waste in the first place. How to cite Human Impact on the Environment – Problems caused by population growth, Papers

Current Role Accounting Information Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Current Role Accounting Information Systems? Answer: Introduction B bakery is the family owned business organisation that is indulged in producing the bakery items such as cakes, pastries, breads and other items of similar nature. The business is in existence for more than 50 years and has a workforce of around 70 people. It also has a drastic growth in sales due to increased demand of its products in the market. The firm has only one accountant to handle all its accounting related operations. Therefore, it is looking forward to the implementation of accounting information system in the business. AIS is the software program used in managing the accounting and other related functions of the business without any manual intervention. These systems assists the business with its accuracy and efficiency of operations. There are number of accounting software available in the market these days but the bakery organisation has to select an appropriate program for its business on the basis of its needs and size of business. All about baker and bakery business processes A baker is a person who is involved in the business of preparation of bakery items such as cakes, bread, pastries, cookies etc. These items are then sold and distributed in the potential markets such as departmental stores, confectionary shops, restaurants for their ultimate consumption. A baker can also sell his bakery products directly to the ultimate consumers in the case when he is carrying on the business on retail basis. There are a number of activities involved in the bakery business such as requisition of raw material and the other necessary items, production process, selling and distribution activities etc. However, there is no specific set of activities that are undertaken in the bakery business. The activities and processes that forms part of bakery business varies depending upon the size and nature of business. Few processes that could commonly be recognised in every bakery business whether it is conducted on small medium or large scale are explained below: Supply Chain Management: It involves purchasing and storing the raw materials that are necessary to prepare cake and other bakery items. Along with raw material a bakers also requires machines moulds and other types of equipment to run their business. Production Activities: It involves conversion of raw materials i.e. the ingredients into final products such as cookies, cakes etc. using different recipes and techniques of production. Packaging Process: Once the production process is completed the produced goods are required to be packed in the suitable containers and boxes so that proper distribution of bakery items could be made. Branding and labelling: Brand helps the business in providing it the unique identification in the market. The bakery items produced by any bakery organisation needs to be stamped by its own brand in order to be recognised differently from its competitors. Labelling includes putting up necessary information about the products on the packages such as the description of its ingredients, the quality mark, the price of the items, management and expiry date etc. Logistic management process: It is the process which includes the storage and warehousing of produced bakery items and also includes practices to support order management. Selling and distribution process: To sell whatever manufactured and produced is the ultimate motive of bakery business. Hence, it sells out the produced bakery items in various target markets using different channels of distribution. Marketing activities: Marketing is undertaken to create awareness among the potential customers about the new bakery products that the company produces. It is sometimes done with the motive of promoting the existing product in the market so as to gain a competitive edge over competitors. Human resource management process: The human resource management process is undertaken with the objective of recruiting and training the employees for the company and managing their payroll functions. Accounts and finance: Accounting process includes recording of all the significant accounting related data in an organised form to be represented as relevant information. It also includes arrangement and deployment of the funds to run the basic operations of bakery business. Accounting operations include management of accounts payables and receivables, maintaining the fixed assets and calculation of depreciation there upon etc., payment of various expenses such as utility bills and rents bank interests. Research and development: This process is undertaken with the aim of exploring the possibilities of business expansion with new bakery products and the new markets. It also covers defining new product recipes and techniques to prepare bakery products. Administrative process: It includes all the back office functioning which are miscellaneous in nature. Like maintaining the petty cash, conducting meetings etc. The processes that are indispensable to be performed in the bakery business are as followed: Purchase of raw materials and machines: Without ingredients a bakery business cannot start its basic functioning of producing different bakery items. Hence, this process is indispensable for every bakery business. Production of bakery items: Producing the required bakery items is necessary as without producing them the business would not have anything to sell and distribute. Packaging of bakery items: As the produced items are edible in nature, they require proper packaging so as to preserve and protect them and for the effective transportation thereof. Branding and labelling This process enables the business in delivering the appropriate information to its potential customers it is necessary to be performed. Selling and distribution: This is the important process as it involves the sales function for all the output produced by the bakery organisation. The distribution is carried out through various mediums depending upon the suitability of business. Logistic management: When the business produces certain range of outputs there arises a requirement for their storage so as to keep them readily available anytime when demand arises. The manufactured goods are thus stored in the companys warehouses where they are kept safely. This process also helps business in determination of appropriate level of inventory to be maintained by the bakery operations in order to avoid excessive warehousing and other costs of carrying inventories. Human resource management As bakery organisation may involves few or more workforce to handle the bakery operations such as the chefs, deliveryman and the other necessary personnel. This process is important for their recruitment and trainings and to manage their payroll functions (Rosemann Brocke, 2015). All the above mentioned processes are interdependent to each other and hence requires to be operated in harmony (Jeston Nelis, 2014). If failure occurs in the functioning of a single process, the overall performance of the organisation will be hindered. Hence, the business manager must strive to promote coordination among all the key processes of the organisation in order to take the business to the next level of growth and success (Jeong et al., 2013). Outcome required from the above explained processes Outcomes are the ultimate results delivered by the business processes. Every process in the business is carried out for some goals and targets. Following are the desired expected outcomes from the processes of the business: The purchase function is aimed at obtaining the top quality raw materials and other items necessary for the bakery business on time so as to initiate the production process on time. Moreover the purchases must be made in the cost effective manner without excessive deployment of funds of company. Purchase function must enable the business in anticipating the product demand before ordering the raw materials from the suppliers. It will also identify the potential suppliers of ingredients required by the organisation. Production process must be able to produce the required items on the timely basis with the minimum possible cost. The process of production must be undertaken in such way that it avoids the excessive wastage of necessary resources of business. It has a goal of effective and efficient utilisation of companys resources while converting inputs into outputs. The logistic management process must enable the business to determine the correct and economic level of inventories to be maintained by the bakery organisation so as to avoid unnecessary carrying cost of the bakery items and the stock-out positions. Marketing and promotion process must help the business in identifying the target market and to make the business able to reach the potential customers of bakery products. Selling and distribution must bring in the maximum revenue for the bakery business by selling the produced items in the most profitable manner. Accounts handling process must be provide the business with the necessary record maintenance with accuracy so as to fulfil its financial reporting requirements. The finance process must make the deployment of right amount of funds in the right place at the right time so that with the least cost of finance highest returns can be earned (Toth, 2012). Human resource function should bring the competent and skilled personnel to the business so that their efforts can contribute the organisations success. Accounting Software Features Possible features an accounting software must possess to achieve the enterprises I.T. investment: The accounting software must provide the accuracy in whatever functionality it performs. As it processes the accounting data which may be sensitive to the organisation, it must provide the secured enough to carry the information that is critical to organisations success. Moreover, the accounting software must be sufficiently compatible for the devices of the company so that the functions performed by it would not get hampered by the companys use of different devices (Dimitriu Matei, 2014). These software program must be easy to implement, use and maintain for the user so that they do not have to invest so much of time and efforts for to understand and work on these programs. Furthermore, the functions provided by the accounting software must be performed on time by speedier transaction processing in real time so that the relevant and significant actions and decisions could be taken on time (Ghasemi, et al., 2011). Automated invoicing: This feature enables the business with automatic invoice issuance to the customers whenever the payment is due from them. This feature will help in avoiding delayed collection of receivables from the debtors of the company. Payment reminders: This feature works as an alarm by reminding the business managers on regular basis for all the payments due on them either via e-mails or messages so that timely payments could be made without any penalties and interests. Bank reconciliation: This function plays an important role as it enables the business managers to tally the account balances which involved banking transactions with the bank statements on a regular basis. Payroll functions: It is used to calculate the basic wages and salaries to be paid to the employees of the company. It also maintains the records of attendance as well as leaves taken by the employees of the company. Reporting and analysis: This feature helps the businesses in adhering to the financial reporting requirements as prescribed by various regulatory bodies. The accounting software follows the basic rules of accounting while processing the accounting data. This feature also enables the business in making the analysis of all the relevant data so that proper comparison of companys financial results can be made. Tax calculators: It is used to report to various fiscal bodies like income tax department, service tax department etc. about the tax obligations of the firm. With the help of this feature a business manager can comply with all the statutory requirements with accuracy. This features calculates the tax amounts under various statutes in accordance with the amended tax structures. Budgeting and projections: This function is used to make projections about the subsequent periods for the business in order to comply with the terms and conditions of providers of finance. Budget functionality helps to provide the business managers an estimation of cash outflows and inflows a business would make based on the previous trends followed by the business. Depreciation calculator: This feature will assist the business managers in determining the correct amount of depreciation required to be charged to entitys fixed assets to provide for the obsolesce and wearing out of various machines and equipment. Accounting software calculates the depreciation in accordance with the recent most reforms in this context. Payment processing: This feature automatically updates the account balances when the amounts are directly paid or received in the bank accounts by keeping track of all the banking transactions thereby avoiding the risk of misstated account balances. However, there is no inclusive list of accounting features that a software must provide in order to be called as appropriate one. The business managers must analyse its own requirements bearing in mind the business it is dealing in and in accordance with the demands and requirements of the business they must select a suitable accounting software for their business. Category of accounting software that is suitable to the business of B Bakery: Accounting software are the computer programs that aids the business in handling its accounting operations by the innovative and robust features that works on automated basis. In general, there exists three categories of accounting information software (Baxter Thibodeau, 2011). First one is the entry level software which is suitable for low level enterprises, second is small to medium sized software which is suitable for middle sized firms and the third is enterprise accounting software which is suitable for large sized firms (Romney Steinbart, 2012).There are various factors on the basis of which the accounting software are so bifurcated in the three categories (Al-Hiyari, Mashre Mat, 2013). Few of them are: the size of the firm, the number of users, preferred functionalities, and the cost of the software (Ismail King, 2014). As given in the case, business of B Bakery involves around 70 employees and generating a revenue of more than $13.5 million per year hence it can be said t hat its business is small to medium sized and therefore medium level of software will be appropriate selection for B Bakery. Small to Medium level accounting software allows up to 25 users to work on the software system simultaneously. It performs the financial functions as provided by the entry level software and along with that it additionally performs non-financial functionalities such as inventory management, management of purchase and sales functions, human resource management etc. The medium level software are more costly than the low level accounting software but much cheaper than high end Accounting information system (Gelinas, Dull Wheeler, 2011). As the business of B Bakery does not only require financial functions relating to revenue generation, to be performed but also requires other functions like management of payroll, inventory, accounts payables and receivables together with the sales and purchase functions. However, since the size of the firm is not too large it mus t not invest its funds in paying for the unnecessary features as provided by high end accounting software (Salehi, Rostami Mogadam, 2010). Comparison Table of XERO MYOB Comparison of XERO and MYOB accounting software for small to middle sized firm: Features XERO MYOB Better option Invoicing Invoice is sent directly to the customers and provides the features of customisation to the invoice formats. Invoice is sent directly to the customers and provides the features of customisation to the invoice formats. Both performs almost similar functions However, invoice customisation is more flexible in XERO. Reporting It can run multiple reports at a time. Only one report can be processed in one go. Therefore, XERO is better than MYOB. Inventory management It includes functions like basic tracking of inventory and its management thereupon. It only provides basic inventory tracking features. Management of inventory is provided merely in the case of Account Right MYOB. XERO is better as it offers integration with the third parties which makes it more flexible than MYOB and also it is user specific in terms of needs. Foreign currency Multicurrency is supported by XERO on the basis of premium subscription. MYOB does not support multicurrency transactions. XERO is preferable. Technical online support It provides online documentation, user training videos and online community to resolve the queries. It also provides the online training videos, user manual documentation and online community. XERO is preferable than MYOB as XERO has simplified tier structure which makes support more helping and understanding. End of financial year Data Rollover For XERO data is perpetual and hence need not to be closed for every financial year. For MYOB Account Right data requires two separate roll over functions at the end of every financial year. One for accounting and other for payroll (P?curari Nechita, 2013). XERO is preferable as the rollover requirement of Account Right MYOB is quite cumbersome. Employee login It includes a feature called my payroll which allows employees to enter their timesheets, request for leave sanction, view their own play-slips (Walther, 2013). MYOB provides a featured called your pay which also allows them to enter timesheets, can request for the leaves and also can view the pay-slips. But MYOB Account Right provides no employees login. XERO is better. Selection of suitable accounting software: On the basis of above comparison XERO can be selected: As accounting operations does not form part of revenue generating activities of business, these functions can be handed over to such software since they provide the best business solutions with the help of artificial intelligence (Darvasi et al., 2011). The accounting information software requires investment of considerable amount for one time so as to receive its benefits for the long term. Therefore, the business managers must make a detailed study of all the possible software before selecting one (Ivancevich, Ivancevich Elikai, 2010). Accounting software for small to medium sized firms must be able to perform functions relating to the financial transactions such as general ledger functions, management of accounts payables and receivables, payroll functions, maintenance of adequate level of inventory etc. (Christauskas Miseviciene, 2012) (Warren, Reeve Duchac, 2013). B Bakery can consider investment in XERO software as it is suitable for its key business functions. Following are some prime reasons to select XERO: XERO is developed and designed in such a way that the new users would not find it difficult to work on this software. It also provides the best technical supports also to answer the queries of the users of the software (Pulakanam Suraweera, 2010). Hence, the employees of the company does not require heavy trainings before starting to use such software. Thus XERO helps in avoiding the huge training costs for the novices. XERO helps in simplifying the complex information by interpreting it easily. Complex data is difficult to be understood by the users of financial information thus the accounting software removes the complexities of data by processing it appropriately (Soudani, 2012) Inventory of the business could also be managed adequately by using the XERO accounting software. It assists the business in tracking the inventory that is kept in various warehouses of the company (Lim, 2013). So that the business may account for the total stock that is lying in its stores. This function enables the business manager to avoid the overlapping cost of inventory maintenance by controlling the multiple stocking of the inventories. The invoicing process of XERO software is also easy as it provides the facility of invoice layout customisation as per the needs of the business (Seethamraju, 2012). Financial reporting and other business reports can be drawn with an ease as XERO prepares easily understandable reports. The reports are prepared using the raw data provided by the entity (Grabski, Leech Schmidt, 2011). Bank reconciliation feature provided by the XERO accounting software will enable the business managers to match the account balances with the bank statements by identifying the reasons of deviations and making corrections thereon. Conclusion From the above research about the business of B Bakery it can be well concluded that the business is small to medium sized keeping in mind the level of revenue and the number of employees it has hired. Hence, it is difficult for the firm to continue with the manual system of accounting using the services of a single accountant. The firm therefore requires an appropriate accounting information system for its business. However, implementation of such software program involves due consideration of several factors as it is a one-time investment which entails long term benefits. B Bakery must make a detailed study of suitable software available in the market and select the one which is best suited to the business of bakery. References Al-Hiyari, A., AL-Mashre, M.H.H. and Mat, N.K.N., 2013. Factors that affect accounting information system implementation and accounting information quality: A survey in University Utara Malaysia.American Journal of Economics,3(1), pp.27-31. Baxter, R.J. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2011. Does the use of intelligent learning and assessment software enhance the acquisition of financial accounting knowledge?.Issues in Accounting Education,26(4), pp.647-656. Christauskas, C. and Miseviciene, R., 2012. Cloudcomputing based accounting for small to medium sized business.Engineering Economics,23(1), pp.14-21. Darvasi, D., Badescu, A., Dobritoiu, C., Molnar, F. and Slavici, T., 2011. 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